The History of Facebook and How It Was Invented

Mark Zuckerberg  was a  Harvard computer science student  when he, along with classmates Eduardo Saverin,  Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes  invented Facebook.  Amazingly, the idea for the website, now the worlds most popular social networking page, was inspired by a botched  effort to get Internet users to rate one anothers photos.   Hot or Not?: The Origin of Facebook In 2003,  Zuckerberg, a second-year student at Harvard,  wrote the software for a website called  Facemash. He put his computer science skills to questionable use by hacking into Harvards security network, where he copied the student ID images used by the dormitories and used them to populate his new website. Website visitors could use Zuckerbergs site to compare two student photos side-by-side and determine who was hot and who was not.   Facemash opened on October 28, 2003—and closed a few days later, after it was shut down by Harvard execs. In the aftermath, Zuckerberg faced serious charges of breach of security, violating copyrights, and violating individual privacy. Though he faced expulsion from Harvard for his actions, all charges against him were eventually dropped. TheFacebook: An App for Harvard Students On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched a new website called TheFacebook. He  named the site after  the directories that were handed out to university students to help them to get to know one another better. Six days later, he got into trouble again when Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra accused him of stealing their ideas for an intended social networking website called HarvardConnection. The claimants later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, however, the matter was eventually settled out of court. Membership to the website was at first restricted to Harvard  students. Over time, Zuckerberg enlisted a few of his fellow students to help grow the website. Eduardo Saverin, for example, worked on the business end while Dustin Moskovitz was brought on as a programmer. Andrew McCollum served as the sites graphic artist and Chris Hughes became the de facto spokesperson. Together the team expanded the site to additional universities and colleges. Facebook: The Worlds Most Popular Social Network In 2004, Napster founder and  angel investor  Sean Parker became the companys president. The company changed the sites name from TheFacebook to just Facebook after purchasing the domain name facebook.com in 2005 for $200,000. The following year, venture capital firm Accel Partners  invested $12.7 million in the company, which enabled the creation of a version of the network for high school students. Facebook would later expand to other networks, such as employees of companies. In  September of  2006, Facebook announced that anyone who was at  least 13 years old and had a valid email address could join.  By 2009, it had become the worlds  most used social networking service, according to a report by the analytics site Compete.com. While Zuckerbergs antics and the sites profits eventually led to him becoming  the worlds youngest multi-billionaire, hes done his part to spread the wealth around. Hes donated $100 million dollars to the Newark, New Jersey public school system, which has long been underfunded. In 2010, he signed a pledge, along with other wealthy businessmen, to donate at least half of his wealth to charity.  Zuckerberg and his wife, Priscilla Chan, have  donated $25 million toward fighting the Ebola virus and announced that they would  contribute 99% of their Facebook shares to the  Chan Zuckerberg Initiative  to improve lives through education, health, scientific research, and energy.

Online Privacy Personal Information And Access Essay

Online Privacy: Personal information and Access We all go the Internet for some reason, either Google to search, YouTube to watch videos, or to complete assignments. Getting on the Internet in general is not private. We share our locations, personal information, social media, and website history on the web. If we choose to get online, we are taking a risk against all scammers online. Currently, we cannot get on certain websites without signing up with an email to view more information. The government most definitely should protect us better when it comes to the internet and our privacy because most of the United States uses it and fraud is important in America so we need help keeping everything private. Jim Harper stated, â€Å"When we use the Internet, we have to share information about ourselves, just like we do when we go outside.† We let our neighbors know we are still present. Social Media plays a big apart in the society today. Facebook is the know social network everyon e uses. Once, you sign up you are giving up personal information such as birthday, education, relations to other people, information about yourself-hobbies, favorite music, movies, books, where your check-in at. People use Facebook for sharing important events with others so they can stay up-to-date in one individuals’ life. As well express their feelings to the world about what is currently happening. Instead of people keeping things to themselves people love to share information toShow MoreRelatedChildren’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998800 Words   |  4 PagesChildren’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 â€Å"This legislation grew out of the fact that by 1998 roughly ten million American children had access to the Internet, and at the same time, studies indicated that children were unable to understand the potential effect of revealing their personal information online and parent failed to monitor their children’s use of the Internet.† (Koby) Due to the technology available today children of all ages have access to the internet. In the 1960’s theRead MoreInternet Privacy Ethics1395 Words   |  6 Pages 1 II. Cookies and User Profiling 1 III. Privacy laws 2 IV. 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Privacy is considered as our fundamental right (UN Declaration of Human rights) which refers to freedom of speech, freedom of keeping information secret from others (David Banisar, Simon Davies). Privacy violation is becoming major concern. Now in these days almost constitution of every country privacy is considered human rightRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Internet Privacy1309 Words   |  6 PagesNow, the Internet is not only a way people access information, but also the net that connects them. People use it to communicate with friends and family, keep current events and shop online. The using of Internet sometimes involves personal data, triggers fraud and abuse. These are the reason people have laws to protect themselves. People now much more cherish their privacy, so the government takes the responsibility of establishing the Internet privacy law and develop them. However, the legislativeRead MoreThe Privacy Of A Computer System Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You already have zero privacy. Get over it.† Scott G. McNealy CEO of Sun Microsystems Inc. â€Å"Our work to improve privacy continues today.†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mark Zuckerberg CEO of Facebook. These are some of the quotes of CEOs of some most prominent and successful companies that have built their businesses by pacifying their customers into giving up their personal information. Human beings value their privacy and the protection of their personal sphere of life. They value some control over who knows what aboutRead MoreShould Privacy Be Legal?1296 Words   |  6 PagesCitizens Online Privacy The question about the government having access to the citizens personal data produced is very controversial. Some people agree that â€Å"if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear†, while others contend that this issue is invading our privacy and violating two different amendments (Solove). What is at stake is not fear of people knowing what we buy or look up, but rather the government having the power to invade our privacy and not needing to notify us. I believeRead MoreInformation Privacy : Computer And Information Sciences1041 Words   |  5 PagesInformation Privacy Aaliyah Hibbler Department of Mathematics, Computer and Information Sciences Mississippi Valley State University 14000 Highway 82 West, Itta Bena, MS 38941, United States aaliyah.hibbler@mvsu.edu Abstract This paper describes and informs the reader of material about Information Privacy. It gives a background as to what Information Privacy is, and educates the reader on more about the subject. This paper includes definitions, past and present examples and details about the subjectRead MoreThe Importance Of Personal Information And How People Feel About It1613 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of personal information and how people feel about it Undoubtedly, personal informations are critical to all of everyone. People want their personal datas to be protected so that others won’t have access to them without permission. Otherwise, leak and misuse of personal informations can lead to serious consequences. Individuals and organizations can use other people’s personal informations without their allowances, which can be harmful to the livelihoods of these people. For example,Read MoreThe Impact Of Information Technology On Society And Cultures1484 Words   |  6 Pagescultures was limited by information technology advancements. Conversely, in the present time, information technology can be considered a part of every educational institutions, business, and even personal activity. This paper stands to give light to the growing influence of the information technology field and whether the development of a code of ethics would be advisable to focus on the challenges in the usage of information technology. Along with the intensification of information technology use in societies

The Red Location Museum in South Africa Free Essays

[ 1 ] â€Å"To many South Africans, the terminal of apartheid, in 1994, was about unbelievable† ( web beginning 3 ) . Although apartheid came to an terminal in the twelvemonth 1994 lawfully and politically, alteration has non been a simple undo as it has been extensively effected due to its policies spacial every bit good as societal and economic facets of the yesteryear. There are topographic points in South Africa that are still fighting and have non yet advanced to modern ethnicities and imposts all due to the racial subjugation of over long periods of decennaries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Red Location Museum in South Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now The state how of all time does seek to develop the international modern architecture â€Å"As the new political and spacial freedoms sank in, the state began the of import procedure of explicating how to mark and curate an epoch that will specify all that came before and after† A gold and ruddy tale†¦ ( Findley 2011 ) .And parts of the state is successfully accomplishing against the spread that still remains for civilization or modern architecture. A topographic point like Red location inNew Brighton, near the coastal metropolis of Port Elizabeth is a clear and definite illustration of a topographic point in South Africa that struggled and still struggles to better in modern footings. The essay will be a critical rating of how the edifice Red Location Museum which is placed in an country where civilization has become so relevant can use to Frampton’s thoughts about critical regionalism as â€Å"a survey of modern-day South African Architecture particularly in the visible radiation of a lifting planetary individuality and a certain erosion of localized considerations.† ( GDC 2014 ) Red location is an old black township in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. It derives its name from a series of corrugated Fe barrack edifices, which are rusted a deep coloring material ruddy. â€Å"The ruddy of the Fe oxide pigment, now skining and corroding, inspired the country ‘s poetic name† ( Findley 2011 ) and continues to depict that the edifice stuffs for these sheds stem from constructions derived from the first South African War which started in 1899 and ended in 1902 named the concentration cantonment at Uitenhage every bit good as the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital at De Aar. It was a site of battle during the old ages of Apartheid. â€Å"One of the state ‘s most constituted black townships†¦ over the decennaries it remained an active Centre of anti-apartheid activism† A gold and ruddy tale†¦ ( Findlay 2011 ) . Manny outstanding and cultural leaders were either born or lived in Red Location â€Å"New Brighton was the scene of early ANC civil disobedience† ( Findley 2011 ) which makes it even more important as it records the important battle events to South Africa. Red location offers to maroon the battle that mark the efforts by different groups in South Africa to liberate themselves â€Å"In striking contrast to the Gold Reef Museum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ A gold and ruddy tale†¦ ( Findley 2011 ) . It is rather dry that the militants of Red Location occupied the same set of infinite that their ‘enemy’ the Afrikaners, occupied as a infinite of captivity during the first South African war as Red and Gold Tale†¦ Findley ( 2011 ) had mentioned that the remains of barracks constructed by the English to house Boer adult females and kids imprisoned during the Boer War. The Red Location Museum which was designed by Jo Noero â€Å"was designed to be both a memorial to South Africa ‘s battle against apartheid and an built-in portion of community life in a township that acted as a melting pot for the struggle.† ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) it was constructed for more than merely memorial but an economic upheaval to better the site. However the Red location museum is a primary development of the Red Location Cultural Precinct which is a non for commercial urban reclamation development, â€Å"The museum ‘s design draws on impressions of memory to demo both the horrors of institutionalized racism and the heroic attempts of the anti-apartheid motion in crisp relief.† ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) there for regenerating it would be get the better ofing the intent it stands for. â€Å"The museum, which opened to the populace in November 2006, has won three major international awards† ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) It is a modern-day edifice as the edifice was merely constructed and opened merely a few old ages back and was successful plenty to come in and run up against other international architectural competitions, besides doing it globally relatable and up to steps. This is of import because it indicates that the edifice is successfully able to delight the viewer’s cultural facet and be globally compatible. â€Å"Critical regionalism is non merely regionalism in the sense of common architecture.It is a progressive attack to plan that seeks to intercede between the planetary and t [ 2 ] he local linguistic communication of architecture.† ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) A museum is usually constructed for in reminiscence of a important happening of the site in which in the instance of the Red Location Museum, was constructed in memory of the apartheid epoch where they natives built their places utilizing local found stuffs as they were at a disadvantage due to the battle of the subjugation and no entree to any superior methods, as Heath ( 2009: 73 ) provinces †¦the unbeatable constructions of power that defined the societal experience of apartheid and the promise of regained cultural individuality that the really premiss of a post-apartheid heritage museum nowadayss. The edifice is constructed utilizing the local stuffs and besides incorporates ‘global international’ stuffs and signifier in order to run into the international linguistic communication of architecture. The rise and autumn of the Avant Garde is working towards Modernization and a facilitating procedure of modernisation, which is a progressive, liberate signifier but is besides opposed to the positivism of in-between category / consumer category civilization where ( GDC 2014 ) states that planetary political and economic crisis which turns into war, economic depression, revolution, rise of patriotism and dire demand for psycho societal stableness consequences in a division between province capitalist economy and liberative cultural modernisation. South Africans apartheid epoch might hold ended lawfully and politically but yet the extended effects of its policies spacial every bit good as societal and economic have non been a simple undo. The disadvantage was a small excessively big in graduated table for the whole economic system to catch up on developing the full state and holding it all modernised, The Red Location Museum however tries to integrate a kind of modernisation in the de sign as it contains decently structured parts of the edifice which usage modern stuff and for every bit seen in figure 1 which enable people that aren’t merely from the township to experience attracted visual perception or sing the site â€Å"with the end of pulling tourers and their dollars to the still isolated township.† A gold and ruddy tale†¦ ( Findley 2011 ) Jo Noero, the Architect, although did non merely plan a the museum that would be aesthetically delighting for the tourer to convey in money but ensured to run into the indigens who are still populating in battle in the country to besides experience welcome and enjoy and engage in the site â€Å"The museum composite, designed non merely as a tourer attractive force but besides as an built-in portion of the environing community† ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) its besides meant to turn the degree Celsius [ 3 ] ommunity as a whole as the designer assured a design of a town Centre precinct which wo uld consist restored Fe houses, new lodging, a library, art Centre, gallery/market hall, conference Centre and, as a centerpiece, an apartheid museum provinces by ( web 3 ) and so this edifice has been used both as a signifier of opposition and later a transformative pattern that manages to authorise and to supply hope in a context where edifices and urban design have been put to oppressive usage and therefore turn outing that he successfully enabled civilisation into civilization. Although â€Å"The phenomenon of universalization, while being a development of world, signifiers to some extent a elusive devastation, non merely towards traditional civilizations, but besides towards the originative footing of great civilisations and civilization ( Frampton, 2007 ) . Critical Regionalism and universe civilization. Culture is when stuffs or the subject addresses the particulars that are expressed, an thought or construct for the nature A ; development of joint psycho-social world. Regionalism is to continuesingle and local architectonic characteristics insteadthan Universalistattack,although it could besides be equivocal as its association with reform or release but besides normally has powerful repression and jingoism which are restrictions of regionalism. Importantly, new architecture is a new sort of relation between the designer and user hence humanist attack needs to be emphasised ( GDC 2014 ) Architecture today needs to at some point distance itself every bit from the enlighten myth of advancement which is the optimism of advanced tech and every bit good as the ultraconservative and the unrealistic urges of the daring to return to the architectonic signifiers of a preindustrial yesteryear that include the regressive, nostalgic historicism or glib decorativeness ( GDC 2014 ) so that it does non wholly free its cultural individuality as enlightened myth of patterned advance could when over powering make a wholly new signifier which has significance of the intent that was embodied lost. â€Å" [ 4 ] arriere-garde, merely means to cultivate immune, identity-giving culture† ( GDC 2014 ) this does non back up common architecture and its stuffs because it resists to norms of the ways the indigens would build. â€Å"To create quality architecture, peculiarly societal architecture within complex communities, you need clip to decently understand the procedure and relationships†Noreo. In order for Jo Noero to successfully build a edifice that would be of great quality to the planetary or international criterions but at the same time run into a community’s cultural relevancy he needs to right understand the relationship of the country chiefly and its background to guarantee that of import significance are non lost. The designer of The Red Location museum has tried to maintain culturally relevant to the Red location civilization precinct yet besides have a modern visual aspect to the edifice as he reinforces the countries connexion to its societal context by blending informally and officially constructed lodging as seen in Figure 3 while ramping from hovels to lessen units, and so instead than following the typical typology of a museum architectural traditional manner Jo Norero uses the different types of edifices and stuffs from the battle even though he does maintain the some kind of modern tradition. As seen in figure 4 the museum has tried to incorporate into the bing vicinity of former victims of apartheid as a seamless portion of their day-to-day life. â€Å" In this manner, the horror of apartheid becomes more evident merely by its unagitated presence in the museum side by side with a operation community, † says designer Jo Noero. So for â€Å"the cardinal scheme of Critical Regio nalisation is to chew over the impact of cosmopolitan civilization with elements derived straight from the distinctive features of a peculiar place† significance for a edifice to be critical regionalism it has to see planetary or international civilization elements but have imposts of the peculiar topographic point. And Red Location Museum has established to accumulate civilization with elements derived from distinctive features of a peculiar topographic point. â€Å" To construct a museum of the apartheid epoch in the thick of the township that acted as a melting pot for the battle is an extraordinary accomplishment, † ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) so Noreo has achieved self-aware syntheses between cosmopolitan civilization and universe civilization. [ 5 ] Resistance of topographic point – signifier is when the edifice is bounded by its topographic point signifier. If the edifice fits good with its milieus and is placed seamlessly that it wouldn’t appear right elsewhere. â€Å"The strength of provincial civilization resides in its capacity to distill the artistic and critical potency of the part while absorbing and re-explaining outside influences† ( Frampton 2007: 323 ) . Figure 5 shows the aerial position picture taking of the sight, Red Location Museum where by it shows the edifices milieus and where it’s been placed â€Å"The museum is located in a hovel colony that had been a outstanding site of resistance† The Museum is in a township where the apartheid battle was rough andâ€Å"The oldest portion of New Brighton is a grid of unusual hovels made of midst, corrugated Fe, rusted ruddy with age† it has been built due to its milieus and its past heritage. Its name foreshadows the context that shaped the undertaking. It is a community based enterprise framed by the extremist rethinking of the undertaking of memorialising. â€Å"The contact, industrial warehouse-styled complex utilizations infinite, oxidised corrugated Fe, wood and steel to repeat its hovel town surrounds – the Red Location hovels for relocated inkinesss, originally constructed out of stuff recycled from defunct Anglo-Boer War concentration camps.† Its name ‘Red Location’ originates from the country which is a township where the edifices or colonies were non ever renewed or even improved and so the hovels would corrode in a ruddy coloring material. The designed was largely an industrial signifier to integrate the rusted corrugated Fe – the Red Location – and the subject of the environing colony, the museum houses steel containers tipped on terminal to do single memory boxes, giving its conservators a clean canvas in which to exhibit memories, responses and thoughts . ( Museum that brings†¦ 2007 ) a manner in which the edifice did non wholly accomplish its topographic point signifier was with tallness of the edifices which is manner excessively high compared to the hovel places environing the site as seen in figure 5 and the usage of modern stuffs but overall the edifice fits into its topographic point signifier and this context of this architecture carries intensified significance and symbolism. All of which underscores the narrative and referential power of edifices and could non be placed elsewhere as it wouldn’t make sense as it is bounded by the Red location In decision the Red location Museum embodies Critical Regionalism as it has successfully met the demand to delight its local and international viewing audiences and site visitants for the ground that it caters for both international and local design. The design of the edifice is architecture of opposition as it can non be placed anyplace else in the universe because its significance is prevailing to Red Location in Eastern Cape South Africa â€Å"The designers have deployed a straightforward, somewhat industrial aesthetic, which recalls the [ 6 ] ordinary stuffs that local people scrounged over the old ages to maintain out the rain and keep their hovels together, and besides the mills across the railway paths, where the ANC first organized among autoworkers.† A gold and ruddy tale†¦ ( Findley 2011 ) and Frampton clearly stated that Regionalism of Liberation is said to be â€Å" †¦ The manifestation of a part that is particularly in melody with the emerging idea of t he time† ( Frampton 2007: 320 ) , where it is labelled as ‘regional’ â€Å"because it hasn’t emerged elsewhere† . And Paul Ricour has said that â€Å"The chief job of critical regionalism is to seek answers† to inquiry: â€Å"How to be modern and to go on the tradition, how to resuscitate an old hibernating civilisation as portion of cosmopolitan civilization† and Jo Noero answered by saying that â€Å"To create quality architecture, peculiarly societal architecture within complex communities, you need clip to decently understand the procedure and relationships† Kenneth Frampton 2007. Modern architecture: a critical history. Ch 5- Critical regionalism: modern architecture and cultural individuality Kingston Wim Heath.2009.Vernacular Architecture and Regional design.Routedge hypertext transfer protocol: //places.designobserver.com/feature/red-and-gold-a-tale-of-two-apartheid-museums/24779/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.southafrica.info/about/history/redlocation-museum.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.southafrica.info/about/history/redlocation-museum.htm World Wide Web. Jastor.org/stable/142574 How to cite The Red Location Museum in South Africa, Essay examples

Rustico and Alibech by Giovanni Boccaccio free essay sample

Rustico and Alibech by Giovanni Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio The exact details of his birth are uncertain. A number of sources state that he was born in  Paris, but others denounce this as romanticism by the earliest biographers. In this case his birthplace was possibly in  Tuscany, perhaps in  Certaldo, the town of his father. He was the son of a  Florentine  merchant and an unknown woman, and almost certainly born illegitimate. Boccaccio grew up in Florence. His father was working for the  Compagnia dei Bardi  and in the 1320s married Margherita dei Mardoli, of an illustrious family. It is believed Boccaccio was tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of  Dante. In 1326 Boccaccio moved to  Naples  with the family when his father was appointed to head the Neapolitan branch of his bank. Boccaccio was apprenticed to the bank, but it was a trade for which he had no affinity. We will write a custom essay sample on Rustico and Alibech by Giovanni Boccaccio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He eventually persuaded his father to let him study law at the  Studium  in the city. For the next six years Boccaccio studied  canon law there. From there he pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies. His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of  Robert the Wise  in the 1330s. At this time he fell in love with a married daughter of King Robert of Naples (known as  Robert the Wise) and she is immortalized as the character  Fiammetta  in many of Boccaccios prose romances, particularly  Il Filocolo  (1338). Boccaccio never married, but had three children. Mario and Giulio were born in the 1330s. In the 1340s, Violente was born in Ravenna, where Boccaccio was a guest of  Ostasio I da Polenta  from about 1345 through 1346. The Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio lived through the plague as it ravaged the city of Florence in 1348. The experience inspired him to write The Decameron, a story of seven men and three women who escape the disease by fleeing to a villa outside the city. In his introduction to the fictional portion of his book, Boccaccio gives a graphic description of the effects of the epidemic on his city. Tenth tale (III, 10) Alibech turns hermit, and is taught by Rustico, a monk, how the Devil is put in hell. She is afterwards conveyed thence, and becomes the wife of Neerbale. Dioneo narrates what is by far the most obscene and bawdy tale in the  Decameron. Alibech, a naive young woman, wanders into the dessert in an attempt to become closer to God. She happens upon the monk Rustico, and he deflowers her under the pretence of teaching her how to better please God. Alibech becomes more enthusiastic about  putting the Devil back into Hell than Rustico, almost to the point of his ruin. Meanwhile, her family and family home are incinerated, leaving her the only heir. Neerbale kidnaps her, much to Rusticos relief and Alibechs displeasure, and Alibech is made to marry Neerbale. The night before the wedding, she is questioned by other women as to how Alibech served God in the forest, and upon explaining to her ladies how the Devil is put back into Hell, is informed that Neerbale will surely know how to help her serve God once more. Insight and Message Being a person like Alibech who is a simple minded woman and wants to serve God, Rustico a person who is a deceitful man take advantage to Alibech. Or is simpler way, this is like a person who is taking advantage to the person who are weak and has lack of knowledge and ideas in everything.

Follow The Reaper(2001) by Children Of Bodom free essay sample

Children of Bodom has so far gotten two album reviews prior to this all of which go backwards in years. Now we review what is arguably their best album yet. Now Finland is known for having people that show a love folk music and Norse Gods like Odin, Thor, and Tyr. But CoB has none of that, instead we have Death metal`s answer to power metal. Right from the first track, you know your in for a ride. With the inclusion of singles like Hate Me and Bodom After Midnight, you can also have some of the most brutal singles in the band`s history. Now Im not sure about you but for me it almost feels like a concept album of sorts which is supposed to represent their power metal side that is also relevant in various parts of the album. If you love covers then you must check out the song Dont Stop At The Top originally from. We will write a custom essay sample on Follow The Reaper(2001) by Children Of Bodom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scorpions, might it say, it isnt bad at all. While I honestly dont see it as good as Hate Crew Deathroll, it will stand on its own for years to come, thus I shall give it an 8.5/10. This has been the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Agave Plants of Ancient Mesoamerica

Agave Plants of Ancient Mesoamerica Maguey or agave (also called the century plant for its long life) is a native plant (or rather, lots of plants) from the North American continent, now cultivated in many parts of the world. Agave belongs to the family Asparagaceae which has 9 genera and around 300 species, about 102 taxa of which are used as human food. Agave grows in arid, semiarid, and temperate forests of the Americas at elevations between sea level to about 2,750 meters (9,000 feet) above sea level, and thrives in agriculturally marginal parts of the environment. Archaeological evidence from Guitarrero Cave indicates that agave was first used at least as long as 12,000 years ago by Archaic hunter-gatherer groups. Main Species of Agave Plants Some of the major agave species, their common names and primary uses are: Agave angustifolia, known as Caribbean agave; consumed as food and aguamiel (sweet sap)  A. fourcroydes or henequen;  grown primarily for its fiberA. inaequidens, called maguey alto because of its height or maguey bruto because the presence of saponins in its tissue can cause dermatitis;  30 different uses including food and aguamielA. hookeri, also called maguey alto, is used primarily for its fibers, sweet sap, and sometimes used to form live fencesA. sisalana or sisal hemp, primarily fiberA. tequilana, blue agave, agave azul or tequila agave; primarily for sweet sapA. salmiana or green giant, grown mainly for sweet sap Agave Products In ancient Mesoamerica, maguey was used for a variety of purposes. From its leaves, people obtained fibers to make ropes, textiles, sandals, construction materials, and fuel. The agave heart, the plants above-ground storage organ that contains carbohydrates and water, is edible by humans. The stems of the leaves are used to make small tools, such as needles. The ancient Maya used agave spines as perforators during their bloodletting rituals. One important product obtained from maguey was sweet sap, or aguamiel (honey water in Spanish), the sweet, milky juice extracted from the plant. When fermented, aguamiel is used to make a mildly alcoholic beverage called pulque, as well as distilled beverages such as mescal and modern tequila, bacanora, and raicilla. Mescal The word mescal (sometimes spelled mezcal) comes from two Nahuatl terms melt and ixcalli which together mean oven-cooked agave. To produce mescal, the core of the ripe maguey plant is baked in an earth oven. Once the agave core is cooked, it is ground to extract the juice, which is placed in containers and left to ferment. When the fermentation is complete, alcohol (ethanol) is separated from the non-volatile elements through distillation to obtain the pure mescal. Archaeologists debate whether mescal was known in pre-Hispanic times or if it was an innovation of the Colonial period. Distillation was a well-known process in Europe, derived from Arabic traditions. Recent investigations in the site of Nativitas in Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, however, are providing evidence for possible prehispanic mezcal production. At Nativitas, investigators found chemical evidence for maguey and pine inside earth and stone ovens dated between the mid- and late Formative (400 BC-AD 200) and the Epiclassic period (AD 650-900). Several large jars also contained chemical traces of agave and may have been used to store sap during the fermentation process, or used as distillation devices. Investigators Serra Puche and colleagues note that the set up at Navitas is similar to methods used to make mescal by several indigenous communities throughout Mexico, such as the Pai Pai community in Baja California, the Nahua community of Zitlala in Guerrero, and the Guadalupe Ocotlan Nayarit community in Mexico City. Domestication Processes Despite its importance in ancient and modern Mesoamerican societies, very little is known about agaves domestication. That is most likely because the same species of agave can be found in several different gradations of domestication. Some agaves are completely domesticated and grown in plantations, some are tended in the wild, some seedlings (vegetative propagules) are transplanted into home gardens, some seeds collected and grown in seedbeds or nurseries for market. In general, domesticated agave plants are larger than their wild cousins, have fewer and smaller spines, and lower genetic diversity, this last a result of being grown in plantations. Only a handful have been studied for evidence of the onset of domestication and management to date. Those include Agave fourcroydes (henequen), thought to have been domesticated by the Pre-Columbian Maya of Yucatan from A. angustafolia; and Agave hookeri, thought to have been developed from A. inaequidens at a currently unknown time and place. The Mayans and Henequen The most information we have about maguey domestication is henequen (A. fourcroydes, and sometimes spelled henequà ©n). It was domesticated by the Maya perhaps as early as 600 AD. It was certainly fully domesticated when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the 16th century; Diego de Landa reported that henequen was grown in house-gardens and it was of much better quality than that in the wild. There were at least 41 traditional uses for henequen, but agricultural mass production at the turn of the 19th-20th century has depressed the genetic variability. There were once seven different varieties of henequen reported by the Maya (Yaax Ki, Sac Ki, Chucum Ki, Bab Ki, Kitam Ki, Xtuk Ki, and Xix Ki), as well as at least three wild varieties (called chelem white, green, and yellow). Most of them were deliberately eradicated around 1900  when extensive plantations of Sac Ki were produced for commercial fiber production. Agronomy manuals of the day recommended that farmers work towards eliminating the other varieties, which were viewed as lesser-useful competition. That process was accelerated by the invention of a fiber-extracting machine which was built to fit the Sac Ki type. The three surviving varieties of cultivated henequen left today are: Sac Ki, or white henequen, most abundant and preferred by the cordage industryYaax Ki, or green henequen, similar to white but of lower yieldKitam Ki, wild boar henequen, which has soft fiber and low yield, and is very rare, and used for hammock and sandal manufacture Archaeological Evidence for the Use of Maguey Because of their organic nature, products derived from maguey are rarely identifiable in the archaeological record. Evidence of maguey use comes instead from the technological implements used to process and store the plant and its derivatives. Stone scrapers with plant residue evidence from processing agave leaves  are abundant in Classic and Postclassic times, along with cutting and storing implements. Such implements are rarely found in Formative and earlier contexts. Ovens which may have been used to cook maguey cores have been found in archaeological sites, such as Nativitas in the state of Tlaxcala, Central Mexico, Paquimà © in Chihuahua, La Quemada in Zacatecas and at Teotihuacn. At Paquimà ©, remains of agave were found inside one of several subterranean ovens. In Western Mexico, ceramic vessels with depictions of agave plants have been recovered from several burials dated to the Classic period. These elements underscore the important role that this plant played in the economy as well as the social life of the community. History and Myth The Aztecs/Mexica had a specific patron deity for this plant, the goddess Mayahuel. Many Spanish chroniclers, such as Bernardino de Sahagun, Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and Fray Toribio de Motolinia, stressed the importance that this plant and its products had within the Aztec empire. Illustrations in the Dresden and Tro-Cortesian codices show people hunting, fishing or carrying bags for trade, using cordage or nets made from agave fibers. Edited by K. Kris Hirst Sources Casas A, Blancas J, Otero-Arnaiz A, Cruse-Sanders J, Lira R, Avendaà ±o A, Parra F, Guillà ©n S, Figueredo CJ, Torres I et al. 2016. Evolutionary Ethnobotanical Studies of Incipient Domestication of Plants in Mesoamerica. In: Lira R, Casas A, and Blancas J, editors. Ethnobotany of Mexico: Interactions of People and Plants in Mesoamerica. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 257-285.Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P. 2003. The domestication of henequen. In: Gà ³mez-Pompa A, Allen MF, Fedick SL, and Jimà ©nez-Osornio JJ, editors. The Lowland Maya Area: Three Millennia at the Human-Wildland Interface. New York: Food Products Press. p 439-446.Evans ST. 1990. The Productivity of Maguey Terrace Agriculture in Central Mexico during the Aztec Period. Latin American Antiquity 1(2):117-132.Figueredo CJ, Casas A, Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P, Nassar JM, and Gonzlez-Rodrà ­guez A. 2014. Morphological variation, management and domestication of ‘maguey alto’ (Agave inaequidens) and Ã¢â‚¬Ë œmaguey manso’ (A. hookeri) in Michoacn, Mà ©xico. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10(1):66. Figueredo CJ, Casas A, Gonzlez-Rodrà ­guez A, Nassar JM, Colunga-Garcà ­aMarà ­n P, and Rocha-Ramà ­rez V. 2015. Genetic structure of coexisting wild and managed agave populations: implications for the evolution of plants under domestication. AoB Plants 7:plv114-plv114.Freeman J, Anderies JM, Torvinen A, and Nelson BA. 2014. Crop specialization, exchange Human Ecology 42(2):297-310.and robustness in a semi-arid environment.Parsons JR and Parsons MH. 1990. Maguey Utilization in Highland Central Mexico: an archaeological ethnography. Anthropological Papers 82. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.Piven NM, Barredo-Pool FA, Borges-Argez IC, Herrera-Alamillo MA, Mayo-Mosqueda A, Herrera-Herrera JL, and Robert ML. 2001. Reproductive biology of henequà ©n (. American Journal of Botany 88(11):1966-1976.fourcroydesAgave ) and its wild ancestor Agave Angustifolia (Agavaceae). i. Gametophyte developmentRakita GFM. 2006. Emergent Complexity, Ritual Practices, and Mortuary Behavi or at Paquimà ©, Chihuahua, Mexico, in Religion in the Prehispanic Southwest, edited by VanPool CS, VanPool TL, Phillips, Jr. DA. Lanham: AltaMira Press Robertson IG, and Cabrera Cortà ©s MO. 2017. Teotihuacan pottery as evidence for subsistence practices involving maguey sap. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9(1):11-27.Serra MC and Lazcano CA. 2010. The Drink Mescal: Its Origin and Ritual Uses, in Pre-Columbian Foodways. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller J and Carrasco M. London: Springer.Serra Puche MC. 2009. Produccià ³n, circulacià ³n y consumo de la bebida del mezcal arqueolà ³gico y actual. In: Long Towell J, and Attolini Lecà ³n A, editors. Caminos y Mercados de Mà ©xico. Cuidad de Mà ©xico: Universidad Nacional Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico, Instituto de Investigaciones Histà ³ricas. p 169-184.Stewart JR. 2015. Agave as a model CAM crop system for a warming and drying world. Frontiers in Plant Science 6(684).

Microsoft BSA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microsoft BSA - Assignment Example Moreover, most of the information leakage is due to the same reason, as a common hacker can attack to the vulnerability of weak password and break into your information (Green & Richard, 2011). The option of adopting the strong password policy set restricts the users to develop strong local account passwords. Therefore, after setting the strong password policy the user cannot develop simple, easy to crack, blank and / or the password that is the same as the username to avoid hacking and information leakage vulnerability (Green & Richard, 2011). The Malware attacks the digital information in multiple ways. The Malware gets downloaded with the product being downloaded and starts working slowly with the passage of time. Some of the Malware irritates by displaying diverse pop-ups, as the malicious pop-up program runs secretly in the downloaded product (SpamLaws, n.d). There are many types of Malware that include but not limited to the Adware, Bot, Bug, Ransomware, Rootkit, Spyware, Trojan Horse, Virus and Worm (Lord, 2011). There are several software applications that could be utilized in the computers to prevent the Malware including anti-virus and anti-adware. The Conficker is a computer worm that has ability to infect a computer and widen itself automatically (without human interaction) to the other computer over the computer network. The Conficker worm attacks the computer network services through the internet on diverse Microsoft’s operating systems including Windows 2000, XP and Windows Server 2008 etc. The Microsoft launches out-of-band patch in 2008 to avoid the Conficker attacks (Microsoft, 2013). The organizations could use the MBSA to detect the missing patches by utilizing the security information automatically received through the application of Conficker programs in the computer systems. Moreover, the Windows operating systems have ability to